{"id":263,"date":"2026-03-18T15:04:12","date_gmt":"2026-03-18T07:04:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yanjingzhi.xyz\/blog\/?p=263"},"modified":"2026-03-18T15:04:12","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T07:04:12","slug":"%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e7%9a%84%e9%bb%8e%e6%98%8e%ef%bc%8c%e7%ac%ac%e4%b8%83%e7%ab%a0-%e5%93%88%e5%8b%83%e5%b8%b8%e6%95%b0%e5%8d%b1%e6%9c%ba-%e5%ae%87%e5%ae%99%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e8%a3%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/yanjingzhi.xyz\/blog\/?p=263","title":{"rendered":"\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u9ece\u660e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 \u54c8\u52c3\u5e38\u6570\u5371\u673a\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u7684\u88c2\u75d5"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u9ece\u660e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0 \u54c8\u52c3\u5e38\u6570\u5371\u673a\u2014\u2014\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u7684\u88c2\u75d5<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><a class=\"UserLink-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/people\/albert-chen-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer 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href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9D%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLljp_liJ3lvJXlipvms6IiLCJ6aGlkYV9zb3VyY2UiOiJlbnRpdHkiLCJjb250ZW50X2lkIjoyNjcxNjAzMjIsImNvbnRlbnRfdHlwZSI6IkFydGljbGUiLCJtYXRjaF9vcmRlciI6MSwiemRfdG9rZW4iOm51bGx9.9emeUce8zM9_vFlaz4noh-ifJTLOHAtN0VEPtbQQjWQ&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u539f\u521d\u5f15\u529b\u6ce2<\/a>\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u5927\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u201c\u56de\u58f0\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48<a href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%E5%93%88%E5%8B%83%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLlk4jli4PluLjmlbAiLCJ6aGlkYV9zb3VyY2UiOiJlbnRpdHkiLCJjb250ZW50X2lkIjoyNjcxNjAzMjIsImNvbnRlbnRfdHlwZSI6IkFydGljbGUiLCJtYXRjaF9vcmRlciI6MSwiemRfdG9rZW4iOm51bGx9.TEntdcHg_-qxcgq5K1wzeoFgv10iXGQJXcawZHe57lw&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u54c8\u52c3\u5e38\u6570<\/a>\uff08Hubble 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href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%E5%93%88%E5%8B%83%E5%BC%A0%E5%8A%9B&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLlk4jli4PlvKDlipsiLCJ6aGlkYV9zb3VyY2UiOiJlbnRpdHkiLCJjb250ZW50X2lkIjoyNjcxNjAzMjIsImNvbnRlbnRfdHlwZSI6IkFydGljbGUiLCJtYXRjaF9vcmRlciI6MSwiemRfdG9rZW4iOm51bGx9.JWQ1pMErOBKd4AJgxUjT4fPdqSlmC2gye6sECHsHhtY&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u54c8\u52c3\u5f20\u529b<\/a>\uff08Hubble Tension\uff09<\/strong>\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u4ee5\u6495\u88c2\u6807\u51c6\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u88c2\u75d5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h_1979566197805703808_0\">7.1 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href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLmma7mnJflhYvljavmmJ8iLCJ6aGlkYV9zb3VyY2UiOiJlbnRpdHkiLCJjb250ZW50X2lkIjoyNjcxNjAzMjIsImNvbnRlbnRfdHlwZSI6IkFydGljbGUiLCJtYXRjaF9vcmRlciI6MSwiemRfdG9rZW4iOm51bGx9.XTzLBA1Jjx4Xn7TdrAzMo4Lgl4U8haXhLvr0_vOpi8g&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u666e\u6717\u514b\u536b\u661f<\/a>\uff08Planck satellite\uff09<\/strong>\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u6d4b\u5b87\u5b99\u8bde\u751f\u540e38\u4e07\u5e74\u7684<a 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href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%CE%9BCDM%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLOm0NETeaooeWeiyIsInpoaWRhX3NvdXJjZSI6ImVudGl0eSIsImNvbnRlbnRfaWQiOjI2NzE2MDMyMiwiY29udGVudF90eXBlIjoiQXJ0aWNsZSIsIm1hdGNoX29yZGVyIjoxLCJ6ZF90b2tlbiI6bnVsbH0.PjCewVdn1Bzhn-EdLY9hhcg31m8ID_AApeOduLFosTk&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u039bCDM\u6a21\u578b<\/a>\uff0c\u4ece\u8fc7\u53bb\u5411\u672a\u6765\u63a8\u6f14\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u81a8\u80c0\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7ea2\u961f\uff08\u665a\u671f\u5b87\u5b99\u6d3e\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ee5\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b<a href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLkuprlvZPCt-mHjOaWryIsInpoaWRhX3NvdXJjZSI6ImVudGl0eSIsImNvbnRlbnRfaWQiOjI2NzE2MDMyMiwiY29udGVudF90eXBlIjoiQXJ0aWNsZSIsIm1hdGNoX29yZGVyIjoxLCJ6ZF90b2tlbiI6bnVsbH0.O2IK_iXaSU3vw3mwNxY5NBtHy4xl5UeK2Fd_Q5RLSQc&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u91cc\u65af<\/a>\uff08Adam Riess\uff09\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5229\u7528<strong>\u54c8\u52c3\u592a\u7a7a\u671b\u8fdc\u955c\uff08Hubble Space Telescope\uff09\u548c\u73b0\u5728\u7684<a href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLoqbnlp4bmlq_Ct-mfpuS8r-Wkquepuuacm-i_nOmVnCIsInpoaWRhX3NvdXJjZSI6ImVudGl0eSIsImNvbnRlbnRfaWQiOjI2NzE2MDMyMiwiY29udGVudF90eXBlIjoiQXJ0aWNsZSIsIm1hdGNoX29yZGVyIjoxLCJ6ZF90b2tlbiI6bnVsbH0.C6t-AZwgdMTBO1e2Wqh8IlhJWjFAd4y-ilSz8X6KJr0&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\u592a\u7a7a\u671b\u8fdc\u955c<\/a>\uff08James Webb Space Telescope, JWST\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u89c2\u6d4b\u90bb\u8fd1\u7684\u661f\u7cfb\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6d4b\u91cf\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u81a8\u80c0\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6309\u7406\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u7ed3\u679c\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u84dd\u961f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong>\uff1a67.4\u00b10.5 km\/s\/Mpc\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7ea2\u961f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c<\/strong>\uff1a73.0\u00b11.0 km\/s\/Mpc\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5371\u673a\u6240\u5728\u3002\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f67\uff0c\u4e00\u8fb9\u662f73\u3002\u8fd9\u770b\u4f3c\u5dee\u522b\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7cbe\u5bc6\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u65e0\u6cd5\u903e\u8d8a\u7684\u9e3f\u6c9f\u3002\u89c1\u56fe7.1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d4b\u91cf\u503c\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u8303\u56f4\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u53e0\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u7ad9\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u5374\u575a\u79f0\u623f\u95f4\u7684\u5bbd\u5ea6\u76f8\u5dee\u4e86\u6574\u6574\u4e00\u7c73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-0ccd7971e27d9493aa205e2c65ac9589_1440w.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>2021\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u6d4b\u91cfH0\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7c89\u8272\u5e26\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u6d3e\u7684\u503c\u57df\uff0c\u9752\u8272\u662f\u665a\u671f\u6d3e\u7684\u503c\u57df \u6458\u81ea\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h_1979566197805703808_1\">7.2 \u6500\u767b\u5b87\u5b99\u7684\u68af\u5b50<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u7ea2\u961f\u201d\u5982\u6b64\u786e\u4fe1\u5b87\u5b99\u81a8\u80c0\u5f97\u66f4\u5feb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6d4b\u91cf\u8ddd\u79bb\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u2014\u2014<strong>\u5b87\u5b99\u8ddd\u79bb\u9636\u68af\uff08Cosmic Distance Ladder\uff09<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-abecd9fb9358306c5883a5d2382d48e7_1440w.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u68af\u5b50\u539f\u7406\u56fe\uff0c\u6458\u81ea\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b87\u5b99\u5c31\u50cf\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e00\u5ea7\u9ad8\u5c71\uff0c\u4f60\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e00\u6b65\u767b\u9876\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u642d\u5efa\u68af\u5b50\uff0c\u4e00\u9636\u4e00\u9636\u5f80\u4e0a\u722c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\uff08\u51e0\u4f55\u89c6\u5dee\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u5730\u7403\u7ed5\u592a\u9633\u516c\u8f6c\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u7528\u4e09\u89d2\u51e0\u4f55\u6d4b\u91cf\u94f6\u6cb3\u7cfb\u5185\u6700\u8fd1\u6052\u661f\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=%E9%80%A0%E7%88%B6%E5%8F%98%E6%98%9F&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiLpgKDniLblj5jmmJ8iLCJ6aGlkYV9zb3VyY2UiOiJlbnRpdHkiLCJjb250ZW50X2lkIjoyNjcxNjAzMjIsImNvbnRlbnRfdHlwZSI6IkFydGljbGUiLCJtYXRjaF9vcmRlciI6MSwiemRfdG9rZW4iOm51bGx9.GpDEWOcSY6ZAXvr4rHgbU2_Nb-BRSLbqKyCPfzW3lK0&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u9020\u7236\u53d8\u661f<\/a>\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6052\u661f\u662f\u201c\u6807\u51c6\u70db\u5149\u201d\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd1\u5904\u7684\u661f\u7cfb\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6821\u51c6\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u7b97\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\u9636\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/zhida.zhihu.com\/search?content_id=267160322&amp;content_type=Article&amp;match_order=1&amp;q=Ia%E5%9E%8B%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F&amp;zd_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJ6aGlkYV9zZXJ2ZXIiLCJleHAiOjE3NzM5ODkzMTMsInEiOiJJYeWei-i2heaWsOaYnyIsInpoaWRhX3NvdXJjZSI6ImVudGl0eSIsImNvbnRlbnRfaWQiOjI2NzE2MDMyMiwiY29udGVudF90eXBlIjoiQXJ0aWNsZSIsIm1hdGNoX29yZGVyIjoxLCJ6ZF90b2tlbiI6bnVsbH0.T0gcRvBm1rK7PU08jv2C6XhrLL1lJ3_iLwov2lDTHvo&amp;zhida_source=entity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ia\u578b\u8d85\u65b0\u661f<\/a>\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u66f4\u9065\u8fdc\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\uff0c\u9020\u7236\u53d8\u661f\u770b\u4e0d\u6e05\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6539\u7528\u66f4\u4eae\u7684\u7206\u70b8\u6052\u661f\u2014\u2014Ia\u578b\u8d85\u65b0\u661f\u3002\u5229\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6821\u51c6\u8d85\u65b0\u661f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u91cc\u65af\u7684\u56e2\u961f\uff08SH0ES\u9879\u76ee\uff09\u82b1\u8d39\u4e86\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u628a\u8fd9\u628a\u68af\u5b50\u6253\u78e8\u5f97\u65e0\u6bd4\u7cbe\u786e\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5230\u4e862024\u5e74\u4e0e2025\u5e74\uff0cJWST\u7684\u52a0\u5165\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e2d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u62e5\u6324\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff08\u5373\u628a\u591a\u9897\u6052\u661f\u7684\u5149\u8bef\u5f53\u6210\u4e00\u9897\uff09\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u786e\u8ba4\u4e8673\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u662f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u3002\u6574\u4e2a\u5386\u7a0b\u5982\u56fe7.2\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pic4.zhimg.com\/v2-806c47704c3f0f8ba5e8d1f6a3830291_1440w.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u68af\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff0c\u6458\u81ea\u7ef4\u57fa\u767e\u79d1<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u597d\u6bd4\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u94fa\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u628a\u957f\u957f\u7684\u5377\u5c3a\uff0c\u4e00\u7aef\u5728\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7aef\u5ef6\u4f38\u5230\u6570\u4ebf\u5149\u5e74\u4e4b\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/pic2.zhimg.com\/v2-6268d11b9a4a54a4e0c1c48cad3672c1_1440w.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h_1979566197805703808_2\">7.3 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class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/picx.zhimg.com\/v2-31cfa958cf144b8eca000afe9b4c3c77_1440w.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u56fe7.3 \u7528\u201c\u5a74\u513f\u6210\u957f\u9884\u6d4b\u201d\u7c7b\u6bd4\u5b87\u5b99\u5b66\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u504f\u5dee<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h_1979566197805703808_3\">7.4 \u4e94\u4e2a\u897f\u683c\u739b\u7684\u6050\u60e7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u201c\u897f\u683c\u739b\uff08\u03c3\uff09\u201d\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u8457\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3\u03c3 \u610f\u5473\u7740\u5927\u7ea6\u5343\u5206\u4e4b\u4e09\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u662f\u5de7\u5408\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>5\u03c3 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